Current Affairs
Polity & Governance

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021

20 October 2021

Creation of seven new Defence Public Sector Units (DPSUs)

19 October 2021

International Day of Rural Women: 15 October

16 October 2021

Draft Regional Plan 2041: NCR

16 October 2021

Suo-Motu Powers of National Green Tribunal

14 October 2021

SC questions rationale for fixing the income limit in EWS category

13 October 2021

Kalapani Dispute

13 October 2021

SC Questions EWS Quota adopted by Government

12 October 2021

Demand for Healthcare revived in Rajasthan

11 October 2021

Palk Bay scheme

11 October 2021

Lok Adalat has no jurisdiction to decide a matter on merits: Supreme Court

11 October 2021

E-Property cards distributed to beneficiaries of SVAMITVA Scheme

09 October 2021

Project approved to develop Buddhist circuit under Swadesh Darshan scheme

08 October 2021

Comprehensive Handicrafts Cluster Development Scheme (CHCDS)

07 October 2021

State of the Education Report for India-2021

07 October 2021

Second phase AMRUT Mission

06 October 2021

Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban 2.0

06 October 2021

Election Symbols

05 October 2021

Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) mobile application

05 October 2021

Process of renunciation of Indian citizenship simplified

04 October 2021

Special category status

01 October 2021

Mid-day meal Scheme is “PM Poshan”

01 October 2021

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) celebrated its 17th foundation day 

30 September 2021

PM Modi launches Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, health ID for every citizen

29 September 2021

Getting government aid not a fundamental right: SC

29 September 2021

Tunnels in Jammu & Kashmir

28 September 2021

Saubhagya scheme sees electrification in 2.82 crore households

28 September 2021

India’s CAG becomes external auditor of International Atomic Energy Agency

27 September 2021

Ladakh Resident Certificate Order 2021

25 September 2021

Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2021

25 September 2021

Centre allows IAS, IPS officers to retain gifts from foreign dignitaries

24 September 2021

State Food Safety Index: FSSAI

22 September 2021

Digital Public Goods – Framework for Future Governance

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  • 18 September 2021
NITI Aayog's 'Methanol Economy' programme

11 September 2021

Government launches key education initiatives for ‘education revolution’

10 September 2021

After Kerala, Tamil Nadu is set to mandate seating facilities (Right to Sit)

09 September 2021

Delay in election of Lok Sabha Deputy Speaker

06 September 2021

Poshan 2.0

03 September 2021

Right to move, reside across India cannot be refused on ‘flimsy grounds’: SC

01 September 2021

Seven Years of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

31 August 2021

India’s new drone rules

28 August 2021

Income can’t be sole basis to decide ‘creamy layer’: Supreme Court

28 August 2021

100 days ‘SUJALAM’ Campaign begins

27 August 2021

Launch of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine drive

27 August 2021

Quota benefits cannot be availed simultaneously in two successor states : SC

24 August 2021

Slow pace of reforms in the ‘criminal justice system’ worries NHRC group

23 August 2021

Madras HC to Centre: Use English for official purposes

21 August 2021

Odisha first State to announce ‘smart health cards’

20 August 2021

Gurkhas are not to be tagged as foreigners

19 August 2021

NCPCR releases report on education of children in minority communities

16 August 2021

Revising Arunachal Pradesh ST

14 August 2021

NCPCR recommended for minority schools be brought under RTE

12 August 2021

36th meeting of the Parliamentary Committee on Official Language

12 August 2021

Parliament passes bill to amend Scheduled Tribes list

11 August 2021

Supreme Court rules on Future Retail v Amazon

09 August 2021

Cabinet approves continuation of 1,023 fast track special courts scheme till March 2023

06 August 2021

Cabinet passes Bill restoring power of states/UTs to make their own OBC lists

06 August 2021

Chief Justice of India ‘recuses’ himself after Andhra Pradesh refuses mediation

06 August 2021

National Commission for Minorities demanded Minorities treatment as ‘weaker sections’

04 August 2021

Supreme Court referred to Preventive detention, a necessary evil only to prevent public disorder

03 August 2021

Goa’s Bhumiputra Adhikarini Bill, 2021

02 August 2021

Restructuring of National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) as Autonomous Body

02 August 2021

Redefining of the creamy layer

31 July 2021

Parliament Passes Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill 2021

29 July 2021

The caste census debate

27 July 2021

Right to be forgotten

26 July 2021

Laws for surveillance in India, and related concerns over privacy

24 July 2021

NIMHANS suggested ‘Gatekeeper Model’ to prevent suicides in prisons

24 July 2021

Karnataka Becomes the First State to Reserve Jobs for Transgender Persons

23 July 2021

BharatNet Project: Tender invited for Public Private Partnership

23 July 2021

Supreme Court strikes down parts of a Constitutional Amendment for cooperative societies

22 July 2021

CLC reviews implementation of Labour Laws and new Labour Codes

21 July 2021

Criminalization under the Draft anti-trafficking bill

20 July 2021

Lokpal yet to get the director of the inquiry

20 July 2021

Continued use of Section 66A of IT Act

19 July 2021

The challenge to the sedition law

19 July 2021

Inauguration of PRASHAD projects in Varanasi

17 July 2021

Artificial Intelligence-powered grievance management application launched

17 July 2021

Troubled history of Assam-Mizoram Border

16 July 2021

Centre's plans to link Aadhaar with Land Records

16 July 2021

Centre’s new rules for digital media face a legal test

15 July 2021

‘Kongu Nadu’, a region not formally defined, yet the subject of a ‘bifurcation’

14 July 2021

GIS Enabled Land Bank gaining popularity

12 July 2021

‘Ministry of Cooperation’

12 July 2021

Tele-Law program touches new milestone

08 July 2021

Water wars of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

08 July 2021

India responsible for largest drop in open defecation since 2015: WASH report

07 July 2021

Krishna water row heats up

05 July 2021

Drone terror attack on Jammu base: dangerous new turning point

02 July 2021

Moderna’s vaccine and DCGI nod for its emergency use

02 July 2021

“Enforcing Contracts Portal” launched by the Justice Department

01 July 2021

World Day Against Drug Abuse 2021

28 June 2021

'itat e-dwar', an e-filing portal of Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, launched

28 June 2021

Delimitation in the J&K

26 June 2021

Judges recusal from cases

24 June 2021

Expert panel to fine tune ‘military theaterisation plan’

21 June 2021

World Day Against Child Labour

21 June 2021

The terror of Terrorism

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  • 19 June 2021
Delhi HC calls out misuse of UAPA

18 June 2021

NGT asked for a rehabilitation plan for displaced Brus in Tripura

14 June 2021

Karbi Anglong peace accord: Rengma Nagas demand autonomous district council

11 June 2021

Draft Model Rules for Live-Streaming and Recording of Court Proceedings

09 June 2021

Food safety during the pandemic

09 June 2021

Model Tenancy Act

05 June 2021

RDSO of Indian Railways becomes the first Institution to be declared ‘SDO’

04 June 2021

Implement Vishwamitri River Action Plan in Three Months, NGT Tells Authorities

02 June 2021

Government launches YUVA - Prime Minister’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors

02 June 2021

NMMS app and Area officer monitoring App

25 May 2021

12th Founding Day of Competition Commission of India

24 May 2021

Six- Month CBID Program on Rehabilitation of Divyangjan

22 May 2021

Malerkotla to be Punjab's 23rd district

20 May 2021

COVID orphans face adoption issues

19 May 2021

Sikkim Statehood Day

17 May 2021

The complicated relationship between liberalism and democracy

Read More
  • 15 May 2021
Additional Secretary and Joint Secretaries under Department of Military Affairs

12 May 2021

New framework for implementation of SVAMITVA Scheme

05 May 2021

NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act comes into effect

30 April 2021

Ladakh Ignited Minds: A Centre of Excellence and Wellness

28 April 2021

Armenian Genocide

28 April 2021

Chandler Good Government Index (CGGI)

28 April 2021

Cabinet okays subsidy for urea produced via coal gasification

26 April 2021

Gender Bias & Inclusion in Advertising in India

23 April 2021

Lok Adalat

21 April 2021

“Online Grievance Management Portal” launched by NCSC

15 April 2021

Is It Ever OK To Jump Ahead In the Vaccine Line?

10 April 2021

Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 2021

09 April 2021

Government issues tribunal reforms ordinance

08 April 2021

Understanding Left Wing Extremism and how can it be tackled

08 April 2021

Sankalp se Siddhi:

06 April 2021

‘BIMSTEC finalizes major connectivity master plan for Bay of Bengal region’

06 April 2021

Electoral Bonds

02 April 2021

Uniform Civil Code and debate surrounding it

31 March 2021

The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2021

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  • 31 March 2021
Tribal TB Initiative is launched for a ‘TB Mukt Bharat’

30 March 2021

Relevance of Mahatma Gandhi’s principles dealing pandemic

30 March 2021

No proposal to implement Panchayat system in Sixth Schedule areas of Assam: MHA

26 March 2021

Anti Defection Law- An Unfinished Business

Read More
  • 24 March 2021
States can pass resolutions against Central laws: Supreme Court

22 March 2021

Poshan Pakhwada Being Celebrated from 16th to 31st March

18 March 2021

Come out with a rule curve for Mullaperiyar: SC

18 March 2021

Demands for grants guillotined, Appropriation Bill passed under Union Budget

18 March 2021

Bill to define Delhi L-G’s powers

16 March 2021

Uttarakhand wants Centre to withdraw ILP from Niti, Nelong valley

13 March 2021

Goernment officials cannot be appointed: SECs

13 March 2021

Analysing a Gender perspective in sustainable sanitation

13 March 2021

NCRB celebrates Inception Day

12 March 2021

COVID-19 Passport raises ‘ethics questions’

12 March 2021

Cabinet approves creation of Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Nidhi

11 March 2021

The structural fragility of Union Territories

11 March 2021

New Rules notified for OCI card holder by Ministry of Home Affairs

08 March 2021

Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana

08 March 2021

NIA court sentences ISIS terrorist to 7 years of rigorous imprisonment

06 March 2021

‘No teeth’, Supreme Court wants stricter OTT Rules

06 March 2021

Ethical Issues in Post-retirement Jobs in Bureaucracy and Judiciary

06 March 2021

India’s status as a democracy downgraded to ‘partly free’

05 March 2021

System of Whistleblowing in India

27 February 2021

National Commission for Scheduled Castes gets chairman

27 February 2021

President’s Rule in Puducherry notified

26 February 2021

India’s Enduring War of Water Governance Paradigms

Read More
  • 26 February 2021
ECI considering extension of postal voting for NRIs

24 February 2021

Right to Dissent Is Hallmark of Democracy

Read More
  • 24 February 2021
International Mother Language Day

23 February 2021

Four Additional Judges elevated as Judges in Karnataka High Court

23 February 2021

Silencing Dissent: Misuse of Sedition Law to Shut Up Critics

19 February 2021

Puducherry L¬G orders floor test

19 February 2021

Concern regarding certification of bills as money bill

18 February 2021

Cabinet approves Amendments to JJ Act, 2015

18 February 2021

The Standards of Basic Structure Doctrine

Read More
  • 17 February 2021
6th International Day of Women and Girls in Science

13 February 2021

Vijayanagara became Karnataka’s 31st district

12 February 2021

Indian Armed Forces: A Doctrinal Approach of Rebooting and Restructuring

Read More
  • 12 February 2021
‘Kuruba community demanding ST status’

10 February 2021

Government allots Rs.200 crores for SVAMITVA Scheme

09 February 2021

‘Revival of age-old border row between Maharashtra and Karnataka’

01 February 2021

THE MENACE OF HATE SPEECH AND FAKE NEWS IN INDIA

Read More
  • 01 February 2021
President’s address to the joint sitting of Parliament

30 January 2021

‘Public Participation, an element of good governance’

30 January 2021

S.P. Balasubramaniam, Shinzo Abe awarded Padma Vibhushan

29 January 2021

‘SC questions over delay in clearing Collegium recommendations’

29 January 2021

Indian Telegraph Act, 1885

28 January 2021

Government announces Subhash Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2021

27 January 2021

National Girl Child Day

27 January 2021

‘Countering Disinformation and Hate Speech Online’

27 January 2021

Bodo Accord marked beginning of end of insurgency in Assam

25 January 2021

SC upholds validity of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2020

22 January 2021

SC rejects pleas seeking review of Aadhaar verdict

22 January 2021

‘Army officers need ethics training for troops in conflict zones’

22 January 2021

India: Understanding the structural drivers for political defections

Read More
  • 22 January 2021
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) celebrated its 16th Foundation Day

21 January 2021

23rd January to be celebrated as “PARAKRAM DIWAS’ every year

20 January 2021

‘The Battle over Forestland’

20 January 2021

Defence Reforms in India

Read More
  • 20 January 2021
Supreme Court directive on quota in promotions

19 January 2021

Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR)

Read More
  • 19 January 2021
Can Supreme Court stay implementation of a law?

18 January 2021

‘Federalism and Interstate River Water Governance in India’

16 January 2021

National Youth Day 2021:

14 January 2021

Trump impeachment: Here's how the process works?

14 January 2021

Constitutional Backing to the farmers protest

Read More
  • 13 January 2021
‘The People vs the Indian State’

11 January 2021

Telangana becomes the 3rd State to complete Urban Local Bodies reforms

09 January 2021

New investments in science

07 January 2021

Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI) Wave-1, India Report

07 January 2021

Supreme Court on horizontal, vertical quotas work

07 January 2021

Breakdown of democracy and rise of new despotism

Read More
  • 02 January 2021
‘Failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State’

29 December 2020

Assessing the Governor’s role in calling an Assembly session

28 December 2020

Article 356 and an activist judiciary

26 December 2020

‘What are the healthcare ethics in a global crisis?’

25 December 2020

‘One year on, no withdrawal of Pathalgadi cases’

24 December 2020

Revealing donors’ identity under Electoral bonds not in public interest, violates RTI

23 December 2020

‘Educating Tribals of India’

23 December 2020

Groundwater Crisis in India

Read More
  • 23 December 2020

Ethics in Media: A Thing of the Past?

Read More
  • 22 December 2020
Meghalaya and the Sixth Schedule

21 December 2020

SAGA OF CENSORSHIP

Read More
  • 21 December 2020
‘Ethics in Media: A Thing of the Past?’

19 December 2020

Lok Adalat

18 December 2020

‘Hate speech repudiates right to equality: SC’

17 December 2020

Independence of Indian judiciary

Read More
  • 16 December 2020
Roshni Act

11 December 2020

Section 144

11 December 2020

Undoing historical injustice: The role of the Forest Rights Act and the Supreme Court in departing from colonial forest laws

Read More
  • 10 December 2020
First-past-the-post Electoral System

08 December 2020

The Language of Compensation

Read More
  • 04 December 2020
Consent for Contempt

03 December 2020

Is Mental Health India’s Next Pandemic?

Read More
  • 02 December 2020
Competition Commission of India

01 December 2020

Mission Karmayogi

01 December 2020

‘The ethical questions that haunt facial-recognition research’

28 November 2020

Pardoning Power of President of India

27 November 2020

Constitution Day

27 November 2020

Judicial overreach

26 November 2020

Institutional Reform at the Supreme Court

Read More
  • 26 November 2020
Why the protests against Bru resettlement in Tripura have flared up

25 November 2020

PM lays the foundation stone of rural drinking water supply projects in Vindhyachal region of Uttar Pradesh

24 November 2020

Enforcement Directorate

24 November 2020

Anticipatory bail: Supreme Court issues clarification

23 November 2020

‘UAPA and the growing crisis of judicial credibility in India’

23 November 2020

Contempt of Court

21 November 2020

Electoral bonds of Rs 282 crore sold ahead of Bihar elections

21 November 2020

‘The unrest on the Assam-Mizoram border’

20 November 2020

‘Article 32 and its ever changing interpretation’

19 November 2020

Parliament winter session unlikely

18 November 2020

NHRC notes a drop in women workers

18 November 2020

The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 Needs an Urgent Overhaul

18 November 2020

Jharkhand government passes resolution to recognize Sarna religion

17 November 2020

The land laws have been changed in J&K

13 November 2020

‘A return to Ethics’

12 November 2020

Virtual Ganga Utsav

03 November 2020

The state election commission files writ in High court for release of funds in Andra Pradesh

23 October 2020

“Ghar Tak Fibre” scheme in Bihar

21 October 2020

NCLAT

21 October 2020

Khelo India State Centre of Excellence (KISCE) awarded

20 October 2020

Ayushman Sahakar Scheme

20 October 2020

Rashtriya Aajeevika Mission:

19 October 2020

DAY-NRLM Special Package for J&K and Ladakh

17 October 2020

Lancet published Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study

17 October 2020

Kalam Program for IP Literacy and Awareness Education campaign

17 October 2020

Saral Jeevan Bima:

17 October 2020

Thalassemia Bal Sewa Yojna

17 October 2020

‘Hathras case- Issues of consent, reliability in narco and polygraph tests’

17 October 2020

Tech for Tribals launched

15 October 2020

India’s health budget spend fourth lowest globally: Oxfam report

14 October 2020

‘Keeping vigil even during unusual times’

14 October 2020

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2020 will be given to the World Food Programme (WFP) for its efforts to combat hunger.

13 October 2020

Property Cards to be distributed under SVAMITVA scheme

13 October 2020

Union Education Minister virtually inaugurates Gyan Circle Ventures.

12 October 2020

‘Abolition of AIHB in consonance of minimum government, maximum governance’

12 October 2020

SC gives judgement regarding Right to Protest

11 October 2020

Breach of Privilege

11 October 2020

New rules for postal ballot

10 October 2020

Chardham Project

10 October 2020

India participates in PMNCH Accountability Breakfast

10 October 2020

Ministry of Tourism is taking initiatives to develop and promote Buddhist sites

10 October 2020

POWERGRID signs MoU with the Ministry of Power, Govt. of India

09 October 2020

Ambedkar Social Innovation and Incubation Mission launched

09 October 2020

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has released the Annual Crime in India Report – 2019.

09 October 2020

Act-of-God-like situation

08 September 2020

Judicial Disqualification or Recusal

08 September 2020

Young Child Outcomes Index (YCOI)

08 September 2020

Parole and Furlough

08 September 2020

Special Frontier Force

04 September 2020

No Question Hour during the Monsoon Session

04 September 2020

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

03 September 2020

Cabinet Approves Mission Karmayogi

03 September 2020

Mission Karmayogi for civil services capacity building

03 September 2020

‘All ministries to list IAS, IPS, other officers with ‘doubtful integrity’ for early retirement’

02 September 2020

Common Electoral Role

01 September 2020

Armed Forces Tribunal

29 August 2020

AFSPA extended in Assam

29 August 2020

Government plans to bring social security schemes under one umbrella

29 August 2020

Haryana Panchayat Bill

28 August 2020

Arunachal Pradesh Demand for 6th Schedule

28 August 2020

National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)

28 August 2020

‘SC notice on Nagaland Lokayukta’

26 August 2020

Curative Petition

21 August 2020

Parliamentary Standing Committee on Information Technology

20 August 2020

Concern about democracy in the digital age’

18 August 2020

Sarthak

16 August 2020

Daughter’s equal right to ancestral property: SC’

14 August 2020

30 years since Mandal Commission recommendations’

13 August 2020

“India@75 Summit – Mission 2022”

13 August 2020

Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)

08 August 2020

Women Entrepreneurship and Empowerment initiative

07 August 2020

MyGov Citizen Engagement Platform

07 August 2020

Predictive analysis of Public Grievances

05 August 2020

Government Schemes & Policies

05 August 2020

Three – state Capital Bill

04 August 2020

Contempt of Court

04 August 2020

1947 Tripartite Agreement

02 August 2020

Muslim Women Rights Day

02 August 2020

Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme

02 August 2020

One Nation One Card Scheme integrates four more States/UT’s

02 August 2020

Gandhi-King Exchange Act

01 August 2020

AIM-iCREST

01 August 2020

National Transit Pass System

01 August 2020

Vidya Varadhi scheme

01 August 2020

Aspirational districts Ranking

31 July 2020

BIS-Care App

31 July 2020

National Education Policy 2020

30 July 2020

Lyfas App

30 July 2020

MAUSAM mobile App

29 July 2020

Knowledge Resource Centre Network (KRCNet)

29 July 2020

Special Window for Affordable and Mid Income Housing (SWAMIH)

29 July 2020

Dare to Dream 2.0

29 July 2020

Contempt of Court

27 July 2020

RestartIndia

25 July 2020

E-Sachivalaya Portal

23 July 2020

FamPay launched India’s 1st numberless card, Famcard

23 July 2020

Mukhya Mantri Ghar Ghar Ration Yojana

23 July 2020

Global Real Estate Transparency Index

23 July 2020

Consumer Protection Act, 2019

22 July 2020

Plea Bargaining

22 July 2020

RAISE initiative

22 July 2020

Zoram Mega Food Park Ltd

22 July 2020

Godhan Nyay Yojana

21 July 2020

KURMA App

21 July 2020

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index

21 July 2020

PM SvaNidhi App

18 July 2020

Postal Ballot System

18 July 2020

NISHTHA

17 July 2020

India Energy Modelling Forum (IEMF)

17 July 2020

Kris Gopalakrishnan Committee

17 July 2020

TIFAC

17 July 2020

Coalmine to link mining plan portal with PARIVESH website

16 July 2020

PRAGYATA guidelines

16 July 2020

“Demo Days” initiative

16 July 2020

NATGRID

15 July 2020

Extra Judicial Killings

15 July 2020

Implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Street Vendors Atma Nirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi)

14 July 2020

Voluntary National Review at UN’s High-Level Political Forum

14 July 2020

Roko-Toko’ Campaign

14 July 2020

India’s first E-Lok Adalat

14 July 2020

India Cycles4Change Challenge

13 July 2020

ASEEM portal

13 July 2020

Pandemic Risk pool Panel

11 July 2020

PM’s inaugural address at India Global Week 2020

11 July 2020

NSDC Tie-Up with Microsoft

11 July 2020

Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs) scheme

11 July 2020

Operation Samudra Setu

10 July 2020

INFORM Risk Index 2020

10 July 2020

Global Real Estate Transparency Index (GRETI)

10 July 2020

Nekar Samman Yojane

09 July 2020

Kisan-rath

09 July 2020

Future of Higher Education – Nine Mega Trends

07 July 2020

65th SKOCH Summit

07 July 2020

Committee to reform criminal law

07 July 2020

Bharatiya Loktanktra Ka Koras: Kuch Bisari Bikhari Dhwaniyan

07 July 2020

Prayagraj Airport inducted Tribes India Outlet

07 July 2020

World’s first ever online B.Sc. degree in Programming and Data Science

07 July 2020

Hamara Ghar Hamara Vidyalaya’ campaign

07 July 2020

Food Grain Scheme till November

07 July 2020

Accelerate Vigyan’

07 July 2020

Daily Bits

Climate Finance, to be a key part in COP26

Looking at the positive side of Viruse

GIS-based Geospatial Energy Map of India launched

‘Double-Dip’, La Nina forms for second year in a row: NOAA

Hypersonic Technology

Explained

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021

SC questions rationale for fixing the income limit in EWS category

Demand for Healthcare revived in Rajasthan

Why did the ancient Indian republics need recognition for their place in the history of the world?

Pandora's leaky papers

Special

CYBER SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NUCLEAR DOMAIN

Fintech industry: A look at emergence, growth and gender perspective

India’s Migration Wave

India’s North East and Climate Change

Digital Public Goods – Framework for Future Governance